Decimal System

The decimal system is a base-10 numbering system that uses ten distinct symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. It is the most commonly used number system in everyday life.

Hexadecimal System

The hexadecimal system is a base-16 numbering system that uses 16 distinct symbols. These symbols are 0-9 to represent values zero to nine, and A-F (or a-f) to represent values ten to fifteen.

Two's Complement

Two's complement is a mathematical operation used to represent negative numbers in binary systems. It is widely used in computing because it simplifies arithmetic operations such as addition and subtraction.

To convert a positive number to its negative counterpart in two's complement:

1. Convert the number to binary.
2. Invert all the bits (change 0 to 1 and 1 to 0).
3. Add 1 to the result of the inversion.

To convert a negative two's complement number back to decimal:

1. Invert all the bits.
2. Add 1 to the result of the inversion.
3. Convert the result to decimal and prefix it with a negative sign.